| Schamernas Custums shows us what's in their hells. Thanx to mostly Mireca Eliade, they were are well known. They can be found in many different groups of people, often halfnomades and mountain people, from Tibet to Altai, from new guina to mongolia, from north americas indians to tunguser and juraker in the center Sibiria. With all these people their is one person who realy knows about hell: the Schaman, blessed with special powers that makes it possible for him to go down into the realm of the dead in spiritual form to help the diseased persons soul across all the obsticles(HINDER) in his way. He does this when hes in EXTAS and it might last up yo 3 days. When the Schaman return's from his journey he tells about his it and share his wisdom with others. Therefor we know that the hell journey is full of obsticles(HINDER) for these peoples, oh wich the most usual is the art to get across a very thin bridge, sometimes thin as a hair(HÅRSTRÅ), over a cliff where the people not absorbed by the circle(KRETS) will fall down into. nobody knows What happends with the people that dosn't get passed the obsticles. the Tartarians (TARTARERNA) think they will be tortured by demons. But it isnt about moral punishment: its about gettin absorbed by the circle(KRETSEN) and those who makes mistakes is more unlucky,unskilled and clumpsy then evil. So everybody can hope to go to hell with a good guide, and it was the gods who made(UTSÅG) the first Schaman to play that part. the Tibetians (TIBETIANERNA) and the mo-so people in Yunnan puts a map with the dead person, a map that shows him the hellWay, surounded by nine ringwalls seperated by bridges that are watched by demons. Then after crossing seven mountains of gold you reach the tree of imortality. The tests under the trip can be considered as spiritual cleaning(ReningsStadier). The people in Altai must travel long distances, Through deserts, over mountains and oceans before they walk down seven stairs that leads to the famous bridge and at the end the palace where Erlik Khan , hell's king rules guarded buy dogs. The same thoughts can be found amongst the Aboriginees(ABORIGINERNA) in Australia, with whom they found scetches of the souls jurney through a road filled with obsticles. with the jakutes(JAKUTERNA), Mongilians(MONGOLERNA) and the Eastern Turks the souls have wings to make the jurney more easy. Among all these different peopels Hell and paradise melts together(FLYTER SAMMAN). They who reach these underground places separated with mighty walls continius their earthly activity and the societyleads (SAMHÄLLESHIERARKIN) is used. Its in your life on earth that u deside ur afterlife status: all is desided in on earth. In hell the powerful get to keep their power and with warrior-peoples like the mongols, the dead person is served by the men he killed on earth. Here we have a belief that are used by allmost allreligions, it is that eternity is desided on earth. The difference is in the personal choise. In all traditional cults, in a often diffucult economical situation and under threat of fysical dangers, the comitment in the group is the deciding thing. They who live on the edge, who is not a part of the group or dosn's contribute to everyones best, is the only ones to be closed out. With the Eskimoes (ESKIMÅERNA) for an exampel, the bad hunters are sent to an underground place where there is huge lack of food, while the people who killed them selves, an actoin that can do good for the group, goes to an higher heaven with the heros. All the others are found on the neutral society hell is, where all is equal. This belief which is very old with CENTRALASISTISKA FOLK, made impression on the first christian travelers for an exampel FRANCISKANER MUNKEN Jean de Plöan Carpin who on the 1600 century(1700-talet) wrote: About Eternal life and eternal damnation they have no clue. They believe that after this they will live in another world and there they will expand their hords(HJORDAR), drink and do all the things they did as living in this world. |
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Computer history reaches far back in time, as far as to the 1600'th century.
At that time, Pascal and Lebniz made some huge progress with a for that time
complicated counting machin. A man named Charles Babbage, is concidered
to be one of the most important persons of the automatic counting machines
history. He started in the 1800'th century, with national fundings, to
build a difference machine, but he never succeeded to finsih his work.
Instead three swedish men, continiued his unfinished work, theri names were,
George and Edward Cheutz, Martin Wiberg was allso helping them on the machine.
The year of 1833 Babbage abandoned his old project for the thought of an
analytic machine, and proposed a counting system, which were very simular to
the systems, used in computers , nowadays. The machine got it's data from
punched cards of the type that was introduced by Joseph-Marie Jacquard. The type
was ment to be used for the weaving industry. Program and data was stored in
the memory(the store). All calculations where calculated in a calculating
unit(the mill). The calculation resultswas gained as a complete table for
printing. The punch card machine was constructed by the american engineer
Herman Hollerithin the 1880'th, and it first became usefulat the american
racecensus. Hollerith's companyis nowdays known as IBM. IBM's punch card
machines had a central part in automatic data-treatment, at busines
companies and authorities, all the way to 1960. Punched cards was used as data
medium for input to computers, all the was to the beginning of the 1980.
Now, some information about computers, and computer companies in historical
order. But first information about what everyone calls the first computer,
but what was like, the-first-allmost-computer.
Drs. John Mauchly and Presper Eckert was the constructors of ENIAC. In april, 1943, through the moore school of engineering at Pennsylvania, they submitted a memo describing an electronic analyzer that would compute a trajectory and complete a table within 2 days. The army bought the machine and had it constructed at an expenditure of some 200.000 man-hours. Truly an electronic machine, the ENIAC used vacuum tubes. It contained no moving parts except for the input-output gear. It had 500.000 soldered joints, 18.000 vacuum tubes, 6.000 switches and 500 terminals. Counting was performed by electronic pulses. The machine operated on the decimal system. Output was on punched cards. Now, some information about the commodore company, and their computer models. The first real graphical pc was Vic20, it was made by commodore in 197x, it was based on motorolas Vic20 chip, and had 20kb of ram, you loaded the programs for the computer, from tapes and flex discs. The computer had a 320*200 resolution with 8 colors. The computer was not manufactured for a very long time, because in 1981 a revolutionary computer came. The computer that came 1981, was named Vic64, the computer was based on motorolas Vic64 chip, and had stunning 64kb ram. You loaded programs from tapes, diskettes and flex-discs. The computer had a resolution of 320*200 with 16 colors, thats the first VGA computer (even though it was not called VGA). The computers also had three hard-coded, programmable wave-table channels. The ones who made music on theese computers where reallygeniuses, imagine yourself, making a song with only plip-plopp-pepp sounds on three channels. Later, 1985 they changed the chassi of Vic64 and called it Commodore 64. Commodore 64 is still the most sold computer through times. And 1992 the selling began to go up again. The next computer that was made by Commodore was amiga 1000. It was created 1983(?), it was a real computer with 4096 colors in 320*200. It had a hd and a real 3½ inch discdrive. The famous artist Andy Wharol made a picture on the computer at the release party. Amiga 500 was born in 1988 (by commodore with a motorola chip as usual)(?), and was also a revolutionary computer. It was really cheap, and had 512kb ram memory, 3½ inch diskdrive, hd and extra memory was optional. The computer had 320*200 resolution with 4096 colors. This computer was the first real multitasking system, many years before ibm-pc compatibles got it through windows 95. Amiga 1200, came in 1991(?), and was created by commodore and based on the motorola 63820(?) chip. The processor have a speed of 20 mhz, and is upgradable to allmost as high level as you want, right now it supports a dual cpu, on two 547 mhz each. Other accelerator cards is allso avalible, like 50 and 40 mhz. It was the first amiga ti support AGA graphics, i think it is 65,536 colors, and it supports resolution up to 1024*768. This computer really started up the game making for amigas, and there is plenty of great games avalible for amigas with AGA support. Amiga 1200 have a DD discdrive, hd discdrive is optional. Harddrive on 80mb is standard, and so is 1024kb of ram. cd-rom drive is optional, you can have any pc IDE compatible cd-rom drive (up to 24 spin). Bigger hard drives is allso optional, becouse the computer is IDE2 compatible, which means that you can use any pc IDE guided hardware. Amiga 2000 came in 1992(?)(by commodore, with motorla chip), and was a unusual amiga, allmost no one uses it, and i dont really know much about it, since it is so unusual. Amiga 3000 came in 1993(?), it was made by commodore with motorola chip. it was allso unusual amoga, but it was the first step, to a even better one, than amiga 1200. Amiga 4000 came in 1994, and it was like and extended amiga 1200, with 25 mhz motorola chip. The amiga 4000 is allso 100% pc compatible, but not with to much speed. Amiga 4000 have hdd discdrive, and 120 mb standard hd. it is using AGA graphics, the same graphic adapter as amiga 1200. Awhile ago, Commodore went bankrupt, and was bought up by German Escom, who started the production of amiga 4000, and some IBM-pc compatible computers, under the name Commodore. It should be added, that the amiga have the most superior OS ever, its called amiga dos and up on which, work bench is built. It had multitasking on system that started on a 720kb diskette, with only 512k ram. IBM and pc compatibles + some microsoft history. The first IBM pc(1981) was the 8086, which means that the computer had intel's 16 bit 8086 cpu in it, normal cpu speedof a 8086 was 6 or 8 mhz. It had a hd and discdrive, the hd was usually at 10 or 20mb's. The maximum capacity of ram memory was 640kb. The operating system for this computer was MS-DOS. It was not really ment that microsoft should have made the OS for the first IBM-pc, but the ones that IBM wanted to create the OS for the 8086(digital research), missed their meeting with the IBM bosses. So IBM went to microsoft instead. Microsoft didnt know how to make the OS for the 8086, but they said ok anyway, and went to a friend of Bill Gates and Paul Allen(the starters of Microsoft), and they asked him to piracy copy Digital Research DOS, and so he did, and they changed some minor things, and gave the OS to IBM, and said that it was made by Microsoft. The next IBM-pc made was the 80286(1985), also known as the 286:a. This was allso a 16 bit processor made by intel, but it was faster then the 8086, the 80286 had a speed up to 15 mhz. The memory was upgradable to about 4096 kb, or somthing like that. The 286 had 1024 kb ram as standard, but still only 640kb convetional memory, because they wanted to be able to use 8086 program in a 80286 computer. And somwhere around these years, Bill Gates said his famous and stupid quote: "Who needs more than 640k?". Standard HD on a 80286 computer was 20 mb's. Some of the 80286 motherboards, supports dual cpu. Dos was still the main OS for IBM pc. 1986 the 80386 computer arrived, it was based on a new revolutionary 32-bit cpu by Intel. This, would have been a great time to wipe away the 640kb limit, but, Mr Gates, didnt want to. So, still stuck with the 640. The 80386 cpu first came in DX version, with a math-co cpu. Later a low- budget version of the cpu came, the SX, without math-co cpu. The 386 was the first IBM pc computer to have SIMM, these SIMM's had 30 pin's connection, which means that they have 30 connections to the motherboard. It supporte up to 65,536kb ram. When the 80386 computer came, IDE went standard, and that means that you can use a cd-rom drive or two hd's pf 547 mb's each. At this time, IBM started to loose control of the pc-compatibles market, and other copanys that made pc-compatibles started to compete with IBM. Some of the 80386 motherboards, supports dual cpu. DOS was the main OS for the 80386, but some early versions of the GUI windows (2.1->3.0) was used in a small amount of computers. 1992 the 80486 computer arrived to the market, it was based on a 32-bit 80486 cpu by intel. Some other cpu developers also showed up, to compete with intel, like the superior Cyrix and Amd. Cyrix and Amd's cpu's was usually better and faster, but intel had a contract with IBM, to make all cpu's for their pc's. The first 80486 cpu's that came on the market was SX xpu's on 25 mhz. Later on they released DX 80486 cpu's. Nowdays, there is 133 mhz DX4 80486 cpu's The 80486 mostly uses 72'pins SIMM's, which allow the computer to have up to 256mb ram memory, but if they create bigger SIMM's wou will be able to have much more in your 80486 computer. IDE2 started to get standard in newer 80486 computers, which means that you can use up to four 8 gb hd's. Also there is SCSI in some 80486's, but that is very unusual. VLB is standard on most 80486's, but some even uses PCI. DOS was still the standard OS, but Microsoft introduced a new version of the GUI windows, The 3.1 and it became very popular. The 64-bit 80586 arrived in 1995, but intel renamed it to Pentium, so they was able to copyright the name, and in that way eliminate all opnents. but Cyrix still let out a 80586, but it was not as powerful as the pentium. The cpu's is from 40 mhz and up to 200 mhz, of course the 200's has arrived nowdays, first it was only 40 - 75 mhz. The pentium handles 8 calculations at the same time, the 80486 and lower only handles 1 at the time. PCI is standard pentium motherboards. Standard SIMM's is at 72 pinns EDO. A new addon for 80586 cpu's is right now introduced to the market, its the MMX, who makes the work easier for the cpu. SDRAM and NRAM also have been introduced, thats really fast memorys, with help cpu's on the SIMM's. Nowdays the Pentium II and AMD k6 is up at 266 mhz, with MMX, and built in cache in the cpu's. AMD's K6 makes the switch bewteen MMX and non MMX programs much faster, it's allso 7% faster in windows. COMPUTER SHORTINGS & INFO: IBM - International Bussnies Machines ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator DATA(BIT) - 0's and 1's, an exact binary combination of 1's and 0's builds up instructions in the computer PC - Personal Computer CPU - Central Processing Unit - the brain of the computer, it does all the calculations in the computer RAM - Random Access Memory - temporary data storage ROM - Read Only Memory - A non writable computer memory HD - Hard Drive - magnetic primary storage, where you can store data for long- time purpose PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect - 64 bit local bus, who moves around data in the computer VL-BUS - Vesa Local Bus - 32 bit local bus, who moves around data in the computer ISA - Industry Standard Architechture - 16 and 8 bit local bus, who moves around all data in the computer, slower then pci BIOS - Basic Input Output System - where you do the important settings for your computers functionallity, BIOS information is ROM, and when you use BIOS all your settings are stored in a battery memory AMIBIOS - American Megatrends Incoperated Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Input Output System - where you do the important settings for your computers functionallity, BIOS is ROM ,and when you use BIOS all your settings are stored in a battery memory, this version of BIOS is made by an american company named AMI CDROM - Compact Disc Read Only Memory - this is a storage like hd but you cant write to it without a cd write CD WRITER - Compact disc Writer - burns small mark into CD, instead of using magnetism like hd HDD - High Density Disc - is a double sided diskette, who you can move around, it can store 1457664 bytes of DATA VGA - Video Graphics Adapter - Standardised screen settings for pc's, VGA can show 320*200 dots on the screen, using 16 colors SVGA - Super Video Graphics Adapter - Standardised screen settings for pc's, SVGA can show 800*600 dots on the screen, using 16 colors or more KB - KiloBytes, 1024 bytes(signs) = 1kb OS - Operating System - The program user interface DOS - Disc Operating System - user inteface, avalible in many differnt versions, from many different manufactures, and for many computer types SIMM - Single Inline Memory Module - A standard for ram memory MOTHERBOARD - IS the place where allmost every component in the computer is placed GUI - Graphical User Interface EDO - faster memory moduls with 60 NS SDRAM - even faster (3gb/sec) 50 NS NRAM - MUCH! faster (7gb/sec) NS - Nano Second By: JK and JH |